Artificial+Intelligence

Artificial Intelligence is the science that seeks to create technology in machines that can think in the same way as humans. Much debate circles whether or not such a feat is possible with the technology we currently have, whether or not such intelligence ever will be possible, and whether or not such artificial intelligence has already been created. For a machine's abilities to qualify as those of Artificial Intelligence, it must past the Turing Test, designed by Alan M Turing in the 1950's. =**The Turing Test**= 1. If a machine could be mistaken for an intelligent being by an intelligent being, then it is an intelligent being. 2. In the not-too-distant future, a machine will be mistaken for an intelligent being by an intelligent being. 3. Thus, a machine can be an intelligent being. The Turing test obviously builds off the notion that artificial intelligence is very possible, and just has yet to be discovered. For some, this is too bold a presupposition. For example, critics of the Test may claim it (potentially incorrectly) assumes that the being interacting with the machine is intelligent and able to discriminate between real and false type of intelligence. This may not be so. If the testing mind is blind to the type of intelligence put forth by the machine, it may falsely attribute either intelligence or idiocy unto the machine. If the testing agent is a human, he/she will probably search for a specific cultural intelligence, unconsciously exerting anthropocentrism. Critics may also claim that the test doesn't directly measure intelligence, only that which is generally attributed unto intelligence. The Turing thest overlooks the possibility of an intelligent mind existing outside of a recognizable community.

Existing Examples of Thought in Machines
A machine in the Argonne National Laboratories succeedded in exhibiting intelligence and creativity in fabricating its own entirely new algebraic proof. This computer (unnamed), was able to, with its new formula, solve problems that had strumped famous mathmeticians like Bertrand Russell. In 1995, Carnegie Mellon released a 98.5% se;f-driving vehicle, which drove itself all but 52 of the 2849 miles from Washington, D.C. to San Diego CA. The van drove rain or shine, and night, and averaged 63 miles per hour.

Backwards Turing Tests
The possible alternate method of testing Artificial Intelligence is not to prove that machines have intelligence, but that humans do. Rather than attempt to see if machines can have thought at the high level of human thought, perhaps it is better to first be sure that humans are thinking in the first place. It is possible that human cognition is, at root, just as computational and processeurial as machine thought. If no distrinction can be found between the neural network of the human brain and the electronic network of the machine's brain, then artificial intelligence does not exist, simple because it should just be considered plain old "inttelligence".

Critics of Artificial Intelligence
Critics include John Searle, who claims that "My view is that only a machine could think, and indeed only very special kinds of machines, namely brains and machines that had the same causal powers as brains. And this is the main reason strong AI has little to tell us about thinking, since it has nothing to tell us about machines. By its own definition, it is about programs, and programs are not machines." -Debate Rebuttals Cognition seems to govern what exactly artificial intelligence is; it separates high and low artificial intelligence is, and is the difference between task-performance and reactive thinking. This creates the need for emotional response and reflection upon decisions. The inability for the human race to understand its own thought (the very thing we base intelligence off of) makes it absolutely impossible for people to recreate this. Not only do we know what the physical processes each individually contribute to, but we have yet to even grasp what truly makes up the mind in all of this, and even if the mind is a physical process! Robotics through computers is an inefficient way to create thought, as computation exists to make up for what true thought cannot do! Why would we have computers as tools if they cannot do something better and different than we. They are made to be inerrant and precise, not dilly-dallying in questions of why this is happening or if the answer is correct, but simply computing and producing results. This makes current 'thinking' machines incapable of thinking, but simply copying and doing a task. The lack of rebellious and contrary thought and action in machines is what makes them unintelligent. Perhaps the ability to always perform a task is the one thing that makes a machine less intelligent!

Questions: -What do we label what 'smart' machines do then?

Simply computing, or task execution. Human thought performs task execution with reflection on the task. It is this addition that seperates machines from thought.